Wednesday, 10 December 2014

Chronicle: Low Budget film

Production Company
JOHN DAVIS/ADAM SCHROEDER
Distributed by
20TH CENTURY FOX
Budget
$12 MILLION
Box Office
$130 MILLION
Release
FEB 3RD 2012


Science Fiction Thriller

Dane Dehaan - Debut

PG-13


Marketing
-Viral video of three people flying over New York

Reviews
-The guardian = 'Great twist on typical 'nerd boy gets superpowers''
-Generally 9/10  -  4 stars

Awards
-Golden trailer award
-5 nominations

Monday, 24 November 2014

Godzilla US Blockbuster Case Study


Production Company
LEGENDARY PICTURES

Distributed by
WARNER BROS.

Budget
$160 MILLION

Box Office
$525 MILLION

Release
MAY 16 2014
US



Science Fiction Monster Film
Bryan Cranston, Aaron Taylor Johnson, Ken Watanabe
12A Certificate



Marketing:
-Godzilla Movie Twitter Account: Giveaways
-Online articles using real life mysteries of the earth like the infamous burning 'Door to hell', and describing something dangerous going on within the Earth's core which is incorporated into Godzilla.
-Godzilla Movie Facebook account: Photos and giveaways.
-Reboot
-Previous Franchise
-Existing Fanbase: Comics and film
-Trailers showed very little: Not Godzilla, only his roar, to get people hyped up.
-Asian-specific trailers. More concentration on origin region.

Reviews:
-The issue when approaching Godzilla is that it's a semi-decent film with a long laundry list of problems. - The good the bad and the insulting.

Awards:
-4: 15th Golden Trailer award

"Trolljegeren" Troll Hunter Foreign Film Case Study


Production Company
FILMKEMERATENE

Distributed by
UNIVERSAL/MOMENTUM

Budget
$3.5 MILLION

Box Office
$4 MILLION ($4,159,678)

Release
29 OCTOBER 2010
NORWAY


Norway Found-Footage Monster Film
COMEDY/FANTASY/HORROR

Otto Jespersen, Hans Morten Hansen


PG-13 Certificate




Marketing:
-Guardian advertising job as troll hunter with link that directs to films Facebook page
-Trollhunter phone app, put phone over newspaper and interactive troll appears
-General posters and trailers
-Otto Jespersen is a well known comedian in Norway

Reviews:
-Mike Hale of The New York Times called it a "clever and engaging mock documentary" with "ultradry Nordic humour"

Awards:
-Best Visual Effects
-Public Choice Award
-Outstanding Achievement in Filmmaking



Sunday, 9 November 2014

Film Noir + Neo Noir

 The Big Combo
 The very first convention I notice is the typical jazz music in the background, accompanying a dark street with smartly dressed people entering a building highlighted with luminous spotlights. This theme of the contrast of run down streets with glamorous attributes is typical of the film-noir genre and continues with the woman running down an alleyway. The mise-en-scene shows an extremely dark alleyway, complimented by a man in a stetson hat leaning up the wall, smoking a cigarette. This kind of environment evokes mystery and danger, and is typical of the noir genre. The cinematography shows a low angle shot(suggesting secrecy due to the camera being out of sight), placed in a position that gives a perspective on the woman running - emphasising the action with her becoming larger and louder as she nears the camera. Her and the men chasing her move in and out of light as they run through shadows, another major convention of the film-noir genre, as well as the fact that her hair and dress are heavily made up, suggesting she's wealthy and glamorous, the fact that she's running from the men suggests trouble, and that she may be a femme fatale...
 The rule of thirds is showing in this mid shot with the two men on either side of the woman, suggesting that she's a captive of some sort. The mise en scene features light only on the people's faces, emphasising the focal point, while also supporting the running theme of shadows. The two men stepping into the light of the second mid shot at the same time as the jazz music returns on a minor key is one of the more sinister aspects of the noir genre, being suggestive of a menacing change of tone, while also hi-lighting the supposed good and evil characters of the film, by having half of the mens faces shadowed, and the womans face in full light, and looking toward the light. The scene ends with a typical 'private eye' character emerging from the background wearing a stetson hat and a 'hard-boiled' expression, walking through bouts of light from an extreme long shot to a close up, suggesting his sudden involvement in the previous situation.
 The setting for the next scene is your typical film-noir police station. Very open and cluttered in contrast to the supposed antagonists environment: the alleyway. This suggests that the antagonists are perhaps ahead of the detectives, and that the police department are perhaps struggling thought the film. The dialogue through this scene, especially the tape recorder - is very snappy and monotonous, conventions of noir. The speech also mentions words like 'organisations' and 'the top man'. This semantic field is suggestive of the gangster-noir genre.

The Last Seduction
 The opening visual is an establishing shot which shows a corporate building, with no focus on any people which is unusual for any noir genre. The first signs of neo noir appear with the fact that it's in colour, and the cinematography: The camera using basic shot reverse shot in snappy conversation with minimal camera movement, only to follow character. I notice Venetian blinds behind a well dressed man, talking to a woman with a quite old fashioned haircut - typical conventions of film-noir yet in a neo-noir setting. The abundance of gold/bronze decor on the mans desk, along with the fact that his face is lit from the front despite the light coming from the back contrasts with the woman, who's dressed in black with the blinds shadowing her face is remnant of the theme of fame fatale... She appears dangerous and mysterious in the presence of the man.
 Typical females of film-noir are incredible smooth talking and appear delicate - this female is very aggressive which is contrary to the noir theme, as well as the fact that they openly discuss their sexual relations which is incredibly rare for a noir film. A close up of a neon sign is typical for film-noir, as is establishes a crummy, run down environment, accompanied by jazz music to set the scene, as well as people peering through windows, which is similar to that of western-noir.
 I have established this woman as a femme fatale, as she appears manipulative and powerful, however this is conflicted with the fact that there are blinds surrounding her like a cell, suggesting she's trapped. This relates to both aspects of noir females: The dangerous femme fatale, and the captive damsel in distress. The jazz music begins again to signify a change in events. An injured man answers the phone suggesting corruption or danger, a connection is evident between the two, and the audience develop an understanding that there is a mystery or a back story that's going to be explained throughout the film.

Tuesday, 21 October 2014

How does mise-en-scene and cinematography create excitement in the shootout scene of 'The Taxi Driver'

The first shot follows Travis out of his car and towards a dark building, the mise-en-scene establishes the environment as a run down street at night. This kind of environment puts me on edge as stereotypically, this is a location for violence and crime. The dark, damp environment is a typical convention of the neo-noir genre. The car drives into the long shot and Travis doesn't bother parking, suggesting that he's in haste and feels some obligation as a vigilante to be beyond parking requirements. As he exits the car he walks into a mid shot showing his appearance; The mise-en-scene shows he's wearing a veteran jacket, suggesting he's an ex-soldier and proud of it; an all-American representation. He's also sporting a mohawk hairstyle, reflecting a rebellious nature, and the pop punk culture which is of course out of place here - giving me an insight into his mental state. Tracking is used to follow Travis as he moves through the street, making me feel as though he's on a mission, suggesting the events that follow are thought out and organised. He knows what he's doing, making me trust this character however I’m still unaware of what he'll do next due to the low-key lighting which emphasises the sinister atmosphere. As he makes his way towards the darker end of the street, away from the streetlights, I feel as though the situation is going to descend into a sinister tone, where events may become violent as he moves away from light/logic and into darkness/psychosis; The low-key lighting emphasising the mise-en-scene  of this sinister scene. Throughout this section, there is non-diegetic music. It's a marching drums kind of melody with a monotonous violin orchestra in the background which gives the scene a sinister feeling as well as emphasising the fact that Travis is a patriot, this made me anticipate what’s about to happen. Marching drums can also be related to a ceremonious burial or funeral - foreshadowing the deaths of the men in the building.

The long take tracking shot comes to an abrupt stop at a doorway with a man dressed in a loose blouse, grey waistcoat-vest and long maroon trousers. This aspect of mise-en-scene I feel foreshadows his opposition with Travis, as he's dressed in a similar way to a native American; rival to the American veteran stereotypically. This also relates to the 1956 film: 'The Searchers', set in 1868 which follows two American civil war veterans in their search to find an American girl taken by Native Americans, whom eventually becomes Native American herself. The girl Travis is trying to find is called Iris, suggesting she has been taken in by the prostitution/pimp culture, and that the doorman represents the Native Americans keeping her captive. This is emphasised with the bars and grates over the windows, presenting the building as a kind of prison – typical mise-en-scene in the noir genre and shown in Nocturne (1946) where a private eye is forcing a woman to answer questions about a murder; her shirt has bold black lines around her wrists and neck, much like shackles; suggesting she's trapped in the situation. Travis refers to the doorman as 'Sport' while he responds with 'My man', this dialogue conveys the relationship between the two and how they perceive each other. Here I feel Travis is a masculine, old fashioned type of person with a sense of superiority, while the doorman is presented as being much more relaxed and informal, and of a younger culture, as he is dressed in typical seventies 'peace mongering' clothing, to emphasise the narrative of the opposition. The long, two shot shows the relationship develop between the two; the transition from both of them being on the same level, to the conflict between them as Travis steps down. The two shot also shows the environment by placing them both very close together in the middle of the frame of the wide shot, with the building taking up most of the shot. The rule of thirds is presented here with bars either side of them, suggesting they're both in positions in life where they're trapped, and both in drastic situations. This cinematography suggests that there's room for action, foreshadowing that a large event (The shootout) is about to occur that they need room for. The shootout scene is a typical convention of Neo-noir, especially western-noir, featuring the protagonist's final fight, such as with Travis in the end. 

 The events here somewhat represents the relationship between the Americans and Natives in general: The doorman becomes aggressive as Travis antagonises him 'You got a gun?'. The doorman retaliates by throwing his cigarette at him which sends sparks down his jacket, and then kicking him while saying 'Get outta here'. I feel this resembles Native Americans primitive attempt at defending themselves against American machinery such as the firearm. Travis then proceeds to shoot him, changing the pace of the scene from relaxed and mysterious, to fast and tense. The dialogue before this is Travis saying the iconic: "suck on this". This builds up the shooting and heightens the significance of the event, with iconography in the form of dialogue. There's no non-diegetic music here to help the scene become more suspenseful. The fact that the take is such a long duration however, aids the suspense, and emphasises the rapid change in mood in such a short time. If the scene was filmed using multiple shots - I feel there would be less of an impact on me during the killing, as the continuous shot leads me into a false sense of security, with no dutch angles or close ups to give away what's about to happen, thus creating more excitement and shock. Travis scans the area moving closer to the camera, and then eventually moving away to another doorway, suggesting he's moving on to his next target - creating a tense atmosphere. The mysteriousness here shows aspects of horror conventions with the psychopathic killing and concept of 'victims'. The scene is laid out similarly to before; an extreme long shot, giving me the impression that theres more to consider than just Travis, the mise-en-scene in the area around him represents all the others in the city who are sinning, and surrounded by this darkness or psychosis that they're driven to. He sits on the doorstep, almost blending into the environment as if to camouflage himself rather than to run away and cause a scene only to be caught. I feel that the fact that we never get a clear view of Travis' face shows that he's been successful in assassinating the doorman with no witnesses, and remains mysterious as he continues with his plot.


 The camera rises from a low angle midshot to a long shot as travis enters the building, giving a sense of empowerment, and raising my confidence in the character, giving me the impression he is very experienced and to be feared. The loud diegetic sound of the doors in contrast to the silence that followed the gunshot picks up the pace of the scene, and restores the tense atmosphere. There's a straight cut to the next scene, emphasising the rapid movement of the narrative. The split second gunshot here is broken down into a six second event; Upon shooting the first man he sees in the hallway, theres an over-the-shoulder shot of Travis holding the gun (conventions of both Noir and Horror, due to the general theme of murder, and use of 'killers POV'), a close up of the mans hand exploding, a close up of blood splattering on Travis' face (Use of iconography with the graphic element of gore), and multiple long shots of the gun shot echoing throughout different hallways. The editing here shows straight cuts of very short duration long shots, emphasising the rapid theme and the extent to which he affects his environment by using a long, drawn out non-diegetic sound of the gun in contrast to the fast paced montage of shots throughout the building. This evokes excitement and allows for a moment of reflection on current events before the narrative suddenly continues. The camera returns to the same over-the-shoulder shot as before. I feel this shot represents a starting point, as it was the shot that engaged the shooting of the man in the hallway, and here it shows Travis taking a bullet in the neck and turning to his next victim. By making the structure of the narrative more predictable, I feel that it's creating a false sense of security so that shocks have a larger effect on me. The fast pace continues with shot-reverse-shot and parallel editing, back and forth between 'sport' and Travis shooting each other; mid shots, zooming out from Travis and in on 'Sport' (Typical convention of the Western-Noir genre). I feel this represents Travis' success in yet again striking him. There's no non-diegetic music here, so the sound of the glass crashing is the only thing other than the gunshots to provide an ambience, representing destruction. The cinematography here heightens the action, with a close up of Travis' gun falling to the floor, followed by a very fast tilt up to a midshot of his face turning to his victim portrays him as incredibly dominant in this scene. He's in control despite dropping his weapon. The long shot from the top of the stairs making the scene almost invisible from the low key lighting save for a neon lightbulb (Film noir convention), makes this scene seem sinister and secretive, and changes the mood from exciting to tense, and erases the sense of security. 


1596 Words
2:37 minutes of film

Sunday, 28 September 2014

Our film analysis

 We began by planning a shot by shot sequence on paper - in the form of a storyboard. We drafted by sketching frames and noting down shots, and making sure transitions through shots were smooth and seamless. The planning gave us an idea of how long the sequence would be - around 30 seconds to a minute. After we developed the draft we came to the conclusion that it would be a psychological kind of sequence, with aspects of a thriller - however not frightening enough to be rated over a 12A. This is because it features themes of suspense where the audience expects something scary to happen, however nothing scary actually happens. We decided to use the alleyway by Riversley Park to shoot the video because the area is isolated and offers a long perspective that could be useful in creative shots.
 Conventions of horror that we included were suspense; the lack of sound throughout par the heartbeat at the end. And a sort of jump-scare; the stalker appearing very fast at the end out of nowhere.
 If we were to do this task again I feel like we would film more shots to give a wider variation so that we'd have more material to work with while editing. Editing is another aspect we did not spend enough time on. Rather than picking some sound effects we just 'settled' with the heartbeat because we felt it was simplistic and easy to use. 

Thursday, 11 September 2014

Fight Club - David Fincher (1999)


The Narrator cries into the bosom of one of the testicular cancer victims. I loved this scene because when he lifts his head up he sees the marks his tears left on the mans t-shirt which resemble ink blots - this associates with the concept of mental health and The Narrator almost becoming enlightened. At this point - angelic choir voices emerge from the background as he describes this feeling.
 The introduction of Marla Singer is very impressive in the sense that the monotonous drum riff that had been going on in the background is disturbed by an electronic rumble accompanied by the clicking of her heels approaching, with the black clothes and the cloud of cigarette smoke that surrounds her. Her whole image represents disease, and this is emphasised with her first words ‘This is Cancer, right?’. 
 I noticed that whenever the narrator is concentrating, like on the phone or reading, Tyler can be seen blurred out in the background doing something distracting like playing with nunchucks or riding a bike in the house. I feel like this represents Tyler’s niggling presence in the narrators mind like some kind of parasite. I thought it was really clever in the scene were The Narrator is beating himself up in hiss boss’ office, when he mentions ‘For some reason this reminded me of my first fight, with Tyler’ - because every fight with Tyler is in fact a fight with himself. 
  Fincher portrays the final scene absolutely perfectly. The hue is moody and dark, the music is just a drone buzz with a plain rhythm that suits the tone of the scene, Fincher portrays the intensity simply by stopping and starting the music at the right points. The narrator begins to take hold of his mind, Tyler - starts to waver. He pulls the cigarette out of his mouth and as he does so- the music stops, signifying an impact. There is brief silence - and the narrator pulls the gun to his own head - the music continues. This alone evokes a literal, hair raising moment (for myself anyway) where the scene becomes intense and you are so completely focused that you become aware that your face is that of someone who’s had a lobotomy.
 The concept of smoke is important here, we associate it with both Marla, and Tyler, and we notice that everyone is continuously throwing their cigarette butts on the floor. When The narrator shoots himself, we see there is no smoke, just blood. When the gun wound is shown on Tyler, however - We see only smoke emanating from his mouth and head, along with a ring of smoke from his mouth, as if he were actually smoking. I believe that him smoking all the way through is not only foreshadowing this, but the fact that The narrator represents flesh and blood, and Tyler represents smoke is another aspect of him being non-existent. 

 My favourite part of the film, of any film, actually - is the very final scene. The dark colouring adds to the simplicity of the scene. You can faintly hear the song starting in the background. ‘Where is my mind’ by the Pixies. It’s a rough, ‘grungey’ kind of song which fits well with the distorted nature of the soundtrack. Marla arrives yet The Narrator is utterly calm despite shooting himself in the neck. The music becomes loud, the buildings begin exploding in front of them, The narrator and Marla - identical. Holding hands. The narrator says ‘you met me at a very strange time in my life’ as the camera slowly zooms forwards, and sanity is restored at the exact same time the world is plunged into mayhem. The perfect scene.
…Continued: 
Synapses and Neurones. The introductory credits show the progression from within the brain, to out of the barrel of a gun. This shows this inside of the Narrators brain. the hub of the whole film. It is The Narrators insanity that creates the whole story. This two-section response explores the metaphors and themes in Fincher’s great adaptation from Palahnuik’s fantastic novel, while looking at all the sections I appreciated most.
 After becoming obsessed with support groups, he is able to sleep soundly, thus curing his insomnia, he describes it as ‘ losing all hope’ as he becomes more addicted. Since he starts these support groups, a recurring subliminal image begins to appear throughout the film, the image is Tyler Durden in different positions, he appears beside people and around the room for a single frame four times in the film before he actually becomes a character in the film. I really liked this because it represents Tyler’s character rendering inside The Narrators head before he finally appears. (He renders like this because the narrators insomnia was actually just him doing all Tyler’s night jobs, and the support groups were healing him and making Tyler go away, and so Tyler tried to come back stronger by manifesting properly.) Within the same instance, a Starbucks Coffee cup is also present in every scene of the film, this portrays the films message on product placement and the media in a literal sense which I think is very clever considering how often it goes unnoticed. 
 The fact that The Narrator has numerous names throughout is very clever considering he has dissociative identity disorder, and his name is never mentioned in the film. I feel like the events that happen due to ‘Tyler’ throughout the film are because of the influences The Narrator sees leading up to Tyler’s creation. An example would be in one of the beginning scenes where the narrator sees Tyler on a TV screen wearing a white suit, the same white suit the members of project mayhem wear later on in the film for an assignment.
 The Narrator mentions ‘Could you wake up as someone else?’, and as he does, the camera follows Tyler as he moves by as an extra, referencing him in a literal sense. When The Narrators home explodes, throughout the film nobody knows who did it. On the plane scene, almost every aspect of the conversation leads one to believe it was Tyler. The main subject of conversation is Tyler’s knowledge of how to create explosives, and as the scene closes, the narrator says ‘How I came to live with Tyler is…Airlines have this policy about vibrating luggage.’ This leads to the narrator being called in about his briefcase having ‘unsafe materials in’ right after he notices he and Tyler have the same briefcase. This suggests that the narrator knew about the explosives in his luggage subliminally and thus emphasises the thought that he and Tyler are the same person. I think it was extremely clever of Fincher to be able to include all these almost insignificant details as it depicts the progression of insanity and subconsciousness very well.
  Upon finding the remains of his house, his first words are ‘How embarrassing’ which reiterates the theme of societies influences on a person. I really liked the part where Tyler and The narrator are chatting at a bar, and Tyler mentions how materialistic The narrator is about his possessions. The screen cuts to the Narrators face and as if to signify an epiphany-like moment, much the same as at the beginning - The audio goes very quiet and distorted, The Narrators face drops, and a ball is struck loudly by some people playing pool in the background, depicting a significant moment. A scene which is interesting is where Tyler and The Narrator get on a bus, and as they do they look around and scowl at the average-looking people in there. After making a comment criticising models and gym-goers, an overweight man dressed shabbily pushes past them to get through the bus, and they barely bat an eyelid. I think this almost insignificant scene plays a big part in showing how the narrator has developed. Additionally, when the man passes the two, he doesn’t say anything while next to Durden, but as he passes The Narrator, he says ‘Excuse me’ as if he’s the only one there.
 One of my favourite scenes is after The narrator wakes up from a car crash. We can visibly see a bruise on his head from the accident, however - when he supposedly wakes up the next morning we see the bruise is gone. This is because the Narrator wasn’t actually asleep, he was travelling the country organising fight clubs. Later in the film, The Narrator contemplates how talented Tyler is at causing mayhem. ‘The ability to let what matters, truly slide’. This relates to previously when The Narrator meditates and his subconscious self tells him to slide. I believe this is another instance where he is becoming another person by almost communicating with his past subconscious. 
 The concept of the smiley face painted on the building as the first major act of vandalism i feel relates to the small smiley face sticker by the telephone in the centre of the house. It’s something everyone in Project mayhem sees every day, and i feel this is why they chose to use it. In the scene where they blackmail the commissioner, The Narrator sort of hovers around without really knowing what’s going on, I feel this represents him spectating himself as Tyler, which also links to the fact that there are no scenes from Tyler’s perspective exactly, which reiterates the fact that he is non-existent. The fact that The narrators job meant he had to travel all over the country constantly by plane in different hotels relates to the fact that he later does the exact same thing while looking for Tyler. The significance of the planes is shown when the Narrator realises who he is. The first time he’s told he is Tyler, he says ‘Please place seat backs into their fully upright position’, The second time - ‘We have just lost cabin pressure’. This portrays the relevance of Airline transport on his life. In the scene where The Narrator is trying to disarm the bomb, the camera moves in a similar way to when he talks about his apartment blowing up. It zooms through the wiring and mechanics with intense music in the background, i feel like this represents The Narrators knowledge of explosives in contrast to Tyler’s, which are essentially the same thing.

Wednesday, 10 September 2014

A Scanner Darkly:How did i get here scene.

The very first thing I noticed was the fact that the film had special effects to make the picture cartoon-like. My first thought was that it was made to look like a video game, yet the use of easily recognisable actor Keanu Reeves questioned whether the creators wanted it to represent an alternate reality that the audience could perceive as their own(but with a few changes). The score is the first thing you hear. A slow, continuous hum of a string orchestra that continues throughout the 2 minute scene. This captures the melancholy nature of the scene We first see a run down looking house with low key lighting, and a long shot to establish this. The character walks towards the mirror and a close up of his face looking at himself takes the camera for a few seconds. I feel this represents a contemplation period which begins the exposition of the voiceover. It begins with - ‘Where am I?’ By tracking the character with the camera shows the transition into the dream world - The low key light house pans and fades into the high key lighting of a tidy family home. the sinister music is accompanied by simple scales on a xylophone. The fact that the sinister music continues suggests that this is not only a figment of his imagination, but foreshadows that aspects of the grotty reality may seep through into this pure dreamworld. All shots are neutral mid shots indicating peace and calm - until the character hits his head and there is a close up of the blood on his hand.at the same time that the voiceover begins again - ‘The pain’. I feel that this indicates the association between reality and pain, as the voiceover only ever speaks in the reality section. The blood on his hand represents going back to reality. The character begins to list the things he hates within his dream-life: mise-en-scène is important here as he describes the yard as it pans across the stereotypical American ideal garden with a swing set and perfect grass. Pan and zoom (along with a sinister eerie choir noise) on the yard, house and lawnmower indicates That these otherwise inanimate objects pose some kind of threat or are seen as incredibly negative objects to the character specifically due to it bing in HIS dream world. It reverts back to reality with an abrupt - ‘It had to end’ While he says this, he stares at his hand quizzically, in the same way he looks at himself at the beginning. This evokes the though that the scene describes an inner character conflict between the personality in is head and the personality he is. Back lighting creates a silhouette as he walks towards the back yard and the music is getting louder and broader. This makes me think something terrible is about to happen due to the sinister phrases he says: ‘Dark world where i toil’ ‘ugly things and surprising things’ ‘i can count on nothing’. A single viola becomes louder and the scene ends with him looking at his previously ‘perfect’ garden which now has what appears to be 3 mentally unstable people hanging from a tree, holding their head, and wielding a gun. I feel that this represents what he mentioned he had to go through in order to not have to live like he used to, with his family that he ‘hated’.

*I've never seen this film other than this scene*

Monday, 8 September 2014

Introduction to the Horror genre

In order to evoke fear in a person merely by portrayals on a screen – a director must keep it close to home. What are the main aspects of everyday living that evoke feelings of anxiety in people in instances as simple as being home alone? 
Association with the victim. Isolation. The knowledge that there is absolutely no way out. This relates to the Saw films – in which victims are attached to sadistic traps and forced to escape under gruesome circumstances. In the theme of dramatic irony, the audience has already established that the people in the traps are either going to earn their freedom or die. This subject relates to the modern day portrayal of dilemmas. The audience are subjected to situations where they have no options but the unpleasant one constantly in everyday life - hence their empathy and association with the victims on screen, causing them to in turn experience their fear as their own (enhanced by the abundance of quality suspense directing). Other examples include ‘The Wickerman’ and ‘The Shining’.
Sound in film is paramount in creating suspense, whether it is a full blown orchestra or utter silence. An obvious example of the use of music is that of Alfred Hitchcock’s ‘Psycho’ in which the helpless woman is stabbed to death, accompanied by loud, high pitched shrieks on violins. Mammals are instinctively cautious and alert around high pitched noises due to the primitive need to hear their child screaming for help – this emphasises the effect it has on the viewer. The use of these sharp sounds contrast with the piercing silence prior to the stabbing. Very simple frames are used throughout, and the simplistic nature prevents the viewer from forming any predictions about the scene, which emphasises the obscurity, and allows the scene to be utterly startling by giving away nothing, unlike other horrors. The shower scene for me was especially impressive because there were 78 separate pieces of film in 45 seconds. The rush and panic evoked from the close-up shots and the ‘split second knife’ shots were enough to cause seizures in a cinematic era as docile as the 60’s. After the string orchestra finished the ‘commentary’ of the murder scene, the tone immediately drops, and low, continuous cellos are heard – signifying a conclusion to the scene, and narrating the grim fate of the female victim. 
 Fear of the unknown has tortured humanity for years. The common fear of the dark is in fact based off of this – not knowing what’s around you. This effect is used in every single horror film. There’s the example in the literal sense: ‘The Fog’ whereby coastal inhabitants are tormented and slaughtered by an omnipresent being emerged in mist. Not being able to see or understand the villain leaves the audience disoriented and on edge which emphasises the fear factor hugely. Then there’s the plot side of the unknowing: ‘Paper House’. This film is thrilling in the sense that you do not know what’s going to happen next. An incredibly madcap yet stable plot surrounding the lucid dreams of a girl who creates an alternate universe follows a strange and unexplainable story with confusing coincidences and an overall melancholy vibe. 

 Reading between the lines, and noticing unspoken metaphors in a film connects to the audience. Noticing something hidden in a film that’s put there specifically to attract the attention of the more observant is nothing short of eerie. It’s almost like the film is whispering to you, showing you alone something many others cannot see. Metaphors are abundant in any fantasy-based horror film. A prime example is Pans Labyrinth. Set in 1944 Spain, a young girl (Ofelia) enduring her sadistic stepfather is introduced into a fantasy world where she is supposedly destined to be princess. This is the overall gist of the film, but large aspects are left unexplained for the audience to conclude. The fact that Pan refers to the young girl in the story is a common misconception. The truth is in fact much darker. Pan, or in Spanish – Fauno, refers to the faun-like creature that resides within the labyrinth. Pan is also a widely used and incredibly old term for the Devil; The twisted horns, the monstrous posture and the sinister luring he presents towards Ofelia. The whole film presents grotesque creatures that Ofelia perceives to be beautiful and fairytale-like, The faun is an angry ruthless being, and the whole colour contrast of the movie is bleak and has a greenish hue. Is this some kind of devil worshipping film? Is it something to do with mental health? The many conclusions drawn by the audience just add to the horror. People will project their fears onto anything when provoked.